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	NEGLIGENT INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS / HARM TO ANOTHER In general, in an action in which plaintiff seeks damages for emotional distress s/he sustained as a result of defendant's negligent infliction of physical injury on another, courts have found the existence of a duty by applying either the bystander approach or the direct victim approach. The bystander approach, articulated in Dillon v Legg (1968) and refined in Thing v La Chusa (1989), justifies the imposition of a duty to plaintiff if the physical injury was inflicted on someone to whom plaintiff was closely related, plaintiff was nearby when it occurred, and plaintiff observed and was aware of its occurrence. The direct victim approach, originally in Molien v Kaiser (1980) and refined in Burgess v Superior Court (1992), justifies the imposition of a duty to avoid inflicting emotional distress on plaintiff if defendant already owed plaintiff a duty because of the circumstances or a special relationship between them. Dillon v Legg 68 C2 728 Thing v La Chusa 48 C3 644 Molien v Kaiser 27 C3 916 Burgess v SuperCt 2 C4 1064 JACOVES v UNITED MERCHANDISING 9 CA4 88 LONG v PKS, INC. 12 CA4 1293 SELDEN v DINNER 17 CA4 166 SMITH v PUST 19 CA4 263 HUGGINS v LONGS 6 C4 124 POTTER v FIRESTONE 6 C4 965 BRO v GLASER 22 CA4 1398 KRUPNICK v HARTFORD 28 CA4 185 CAMPANANO v CALIFORNIA MEDICAL 38 CA4 1322 ZUNIGA v HOUSING AUTHORITY 41 CA4 82 MERCADO v LEONG 43 CA4 317 KLEIN v CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL 46 CA4 889 FLUHARTY v FLUHARTY 59 CA4 484 ZAVALA v ARCE 58 CA4 915 WOODEN v RAVELING 61 CA4 1035 LAWSON v MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 69 CA4 652 TREAR v SILLS 69 CA4 1341 MOON v GUARDIAN 95 CA4 1004 ESS v ESKATON 97 CA4 120 BIRD v SAENZ 28 C4 910 STEVEN F v ANAHEIM UHSD 112 CA4 904 RODRIGUEZ v KIRCHHOEFEL 128 CA4 427 YAN GU v BMW 132 CA4 195 GARCIA v REHRIG 99 CA4 869 BENNETT v REGENTS 133 CA4 347 BUTLER-RUPP v LOURDEAUX 134 CA4 1220 CONROY v REGENTS 151 CA4 132 MELICAN v REGENTS 151 CA4 168 RA v SUPERIOR COURT 154 CA4 142 COHEN v NUVASIVE 164 CA4 868 KEMPTON v CITY OF LOS ANGELES 165 CA4 1344

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